Colloidal Metallic Nanoparticles: An Introduction to Concepts and Properties

Abstract

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit size- and shape-dependent properties that have positioned them at the forefront of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Their synthesis spans top-down and bottom-up approaches, including direct, seed-mediated, and composite strategies, each offering distinct advantages and limitations. Understanding nucleation, growth, and stabilization processes is essential to control morphology and functionality, which in turn govern their optical, catalytic, and biological behaviours. This introductory review provides a didactic overview of metallic NPs synthesis, highlighting the connection between structure and properties. Integrating historical context, theoretical principles, and practical examples, this review outlines the key concepts linking the synthesis, structure, and behaviour of metallic NPs.